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Patch v1.4 for Silent Hunter 4: Wolves of the Pacific has been released! This patch can be applied on Silent Hunter 4 Original Version, on Patch 1.1 to 1.3.CHANGES: Rendering distance increased to 20km, with appropriate improvement for visual sensors capabilities Dynamic loading of game units has been implemented, considerably improving loading times Improvements to Water rendering Improvements for enemy ships detection of steam torpedoes Damage taken by hulls submarine is shown in the damage interface.
.XUE, CHUAN; OTHMER, HANS G.2009-01-01Spatially-distributed populations of various types of bacteria often display intricate spatial patterns that are thought to result from the cellular response to gradients of nutrients or other attractants. In the past decade a great deal has been learned about signal transduction, metabolism and movement in E. Coli and other bacteria, but translating the individual-level behavior into population-level dynamics is still a challenging problem. However, this is a necessary step because it is computationally impractical to use a strictly cell-based model to understand patterning in growing populations, since the total number of cells may reach 1012 - 1014 in some experiments. In the past phenomenological equations such as the Patlak-Keller-Segel equations have been used in modeling the cell movement that is involved in the formation of such patterns, but the question remains as to how the microscopic behavior can be correctly described by a macroscopic equation. Significant progress has been made for bacterial species that employ a “run-and-tumble” strategy of movement, in that macroscopic equations based on simplified schemes for signal transduction and turning behavior have been derived 14, 15. Here we extend previous work in a number of directions: (i) we allow for time-dependent signals, which extends the applicability of the equations to natural environments, (ii) we use a more general turning rate function that better describes the biological behavior, and (iii) we incorporate the effect of hydrodynamic forces that arise when cells swim in close proximity to a surface.
We also develop a new approach to solving the moment equations derived from the transport equation that does not involve closure assumptions. Numerical examples show that the solution of the lowest-order macroscopic equation agrees well with the solution obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation of cell movement under a variety of temporal protocols for the signal. We also apply the method to.van Veen, K E B; Brouwer, M C; van der Ende, A; van de Beek, D2016-10-01Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk of infections of the central nervous system.
However, the incidence and clinical course of bacterial meningitis in SOT recipients are unclear. We studied occurrence, disease course, and prognosis of bacterial meningitis in SOT recipients in the Netherlands. All patients with a medical history of solid organ transplantation were selected from our nationwide prospective cohort study on community-acquired bacterial meningitis in patients 16 years old, performed from March 1, 2006 to October 31, 2014. Data on patient history, symptoms and signs on admission, treatment, and outcome were collected prospectively. For transplant recipients, additional information was collected retrospectively. We identified 6 SOT recipients, all receiving renal transplants.
The annual incidence of bacterial meningitis was 7-fold higher (95% confidence interval CI 2.94-17.02, P.Duvenage, Francois J; Duvenage, Stacey; Du Plessis, Erika M; Volschenk, Quinton; Korsten, Lise2017-03-01Knowledge on the culturable bacteria and foodborne pathogen presence on pears is important for understanding the impact of postharvest practices on food safety assurance. Pear fruit bacteria were investigated from the point of harvest, following chlorine drenching and after controlled atmosphere (CA) storage to assess the impact on natural bacterial populations and potential foodborne pathogens. Salmonella spp. And Listeria monocytogenes were detected on freshly harvested fruit in season one. During season one, chemical drenching and CA storage did not have a significant effect on the bacterial load of orchard pears, except for two farms where the populations were lower 'after CA storage'. During season two, bacterial populations of orchard pears from three of the four farms increased significantly following drenching; however, the bacterial load decreased 'after CA storage'.
Bacteria isolated following enumeration included Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Bacillaceae, with richness decreasing 'after drench' and 'after CA storage'. Salmonella spp. Monocytogenes were not detected after postharvest practices. Postharvest practices resulted in decreased bacterial species richness. Understanding how postharvest practices have an impact on the viable bacterial populations of pear fruit will contribute to the development of crop-specific management systems for food safety assurance.
© 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.Tesser, Francesca; Zeegers, Jos C. H.; Clercx, Herman J. H.; Toschi, Federico2014-11-01For organisms living in a liquid ecosystem, flow and flow gradients play a major role on the population level: the flow has a dual role as it transports the nutrient while dispersing the individuals.
In absence of flow and under homogeneous conditions, the growth of a population towards an empty region is usually described by a reaction diffusion equation. The solution predicts the expansion as a wave front (Fisher wave) proceeding at constant speed, till the carrying capacity is reached everywhere. The effect of fluid flow, however, is not well understood and the interplay between transport of individuals and nutrient opens a wide scenario of possible behaviors.
In this work, we experimentally observe non-motile E. Coli bacteria spreading inside rectangular channels in a PDMS microfluidic device. By use of a fluorescent microscope we analyze the dynamics of the population density subjected to different co- and counter-flow conditions and shear rates.Prakasam, T. S.; Dondero, N. C.1970-01-01An activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant and a laboratory activated sludge developed on an artificial waste were compared for their ability to utilize 11 aromatic compounds.
There were several significant differences between them. The laboratory sludge contained higher numbers of organisms and metabolized the aromatics to a greater extent. Laboratory activated sludges acclimated to utilization of the aromatics differed from each other in population structure and the pattern of oxygen consumption with aromatic substrates.
The oxidative patterns of uncontrolled mixed populations were unreliable for investigating metabolic pathways. Extracts of the various sludges elevated the plate counts of the sludges. PMID:5418946.Kenkre, V. M.; Kumar, Niraj2008-01-01An explicit proposal for experiments leading to abrupt transitions in spatially extended bacterial populations in a Petri dish is presented on the basis of an exact formula obtained through an analytic theory. The theory provides accurately the transition expressions despite the fact that the actual solutions, which involve strong nonlinearity, are inaccessible to it. The analytic expressions are verified through numerical solutions of the relevant nonlinear equation. The experimental setup suggested uses opaque masks in a Petri dish bathed in ultraviolet radiation Lin A-L, et al.
(2004) Biophys J 87:75–80 and Perry N (2005) J R Soc Interface 2:379–387, but is based on the interplay of two distances the bacteria must traverse, one of them favorable and the other adverse. As a result of this interplay feature, the experiments proposed introduce highly enhanced reliability in interpretation of observations and in the potential for extraction of system parameters. PMID:19033185.Geyrhofer, Lukas; Barton, Nicholas H2018-01-01Herd immunity, a process in which resistant individuals limit the spread of a pathogen among susceptible hosts has been extensively studied in eukaryotes. Even though bacteria have evolved multiple immune systems against their phage pathogens, herd immunity in bacteria remains unexplored. Here we experimentally demonstrate that herd immunity arises during phage epidemics in structured and unstructured Escherichia coli populations consisting of differing frequencies of susceptible and resistant cells harboring CRISPR immunity. In addition, we develop a mathematical model that quantifies how herd immunity is affected by spatial population structure, bacterial growth rate, and phage replication rate. Using our model we infer a general epidemiological rule describing the relative speed of an epidemic in partially resistant spatially structured populations.
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Our experimental and theoretical findings indicate that herd immunity may be important in bacterial communities, allowing for stable coexistence of bacteria and their phages and the maintenance of polymorphism in bacterial immunity. PMID:29521625.Li, Yixing; Yin, Zundong; Shao, Zhujun; Li, Manshi; Liang, Xiaofeng; Sandhu, Hardeep S; Hadler, Stephen C; Li, Junhong; Sun, Yinqi; Li, Jing; Zou, Wenjing; Lin, Mei; Zuo, Shuyan; Mayer, Leonard W; Novak, Ryan T; Zhu, Bingqing; Xu, Li; Luo, Huiming2014-01-01During September 2006-December 2009, we conducted active population and sentinel laboratory-based surveillance for bacterial meningitis pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b, in 4 China prefectures. We identified 7,876 acute meningitis and encephalitis syndrome cases, including 6,388 among prefecture residents. A total of 833 resident cases from sentinel hospitals met the World Health Organization case definition for probable bacterial meningitis; 339 of these cases were among children 7 days) was used. A subgroup analysis compared patients with bacterial and viral- bacterial CAP matched on the bacterial pathogens.
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Among 174 patients (132 men 76%, age 63 53-75 years, SAPSII 38 27;55, median PSI score 106 78;130), bacterial, viral, mixed and no etiology groups gathered 46 (26%), 53 (31%), 45 (26%) and 30 (17%) patients, respectively. Virus-infected patients displayed a high creatine kinase serum level, a low platelet count, and a trend toward more frequent alveolar-interstitial infiltrates. A complicated course was more frequent in the mixed group (31/45, 69%), as compared to bacterial (18/46, 39%), viral (15/53, 28%) and no etiology (12/30, 40%) groups (p.